Self-Defense: The Continuum of Force

Security officers must understand that using a firearm for self-defense is not an automatic response to every threat. The continuum of force is a structured approach that emphasizes using the least amount of force necessary to control a situation. Deadly force, including the use of a firearm, should always be a last resort when all other options have been exhausted or are not feasible.

Understanding the Continuum of Force

The use-of-force continuum provides security officers with a step-by-step guide for responding to different levels of resistance. Each level of force should be appropriate to the threat level and must be justified under state laws and employer policies.

Officer Presence – The mere presence of a uniformed security officer can deter criminal activity and de-escalate a situation before it escalates. Maintaining a confident but non-threatening stance is key.
Verbal Commands – Clear, direct, and authoritative verbal instructions should be given to de-escalate confrontations. Officers should attempt to gain compliance through communication before using physical force.
Soft Control Techniques – If verbal commands fail, officers may use non-aggressive physical contact such as guiding a suspect’s movements or escorting them away from an area (if permitted by employer policy).
Defensive Tactics and Non-Lethal Force – If a suspect actively resists or becomes combative, non-lethal tools (batons, pepper spray, tasers) may be used to gain control of the situation.
Deadly Force (Firearm Use) – A firearm should only be used when all other force options have failed and there is an immediate and unavoidable threat to life.

Situations Where a Firearm Should Not Be Used

The suspect is unarmed and not posing an immediate lethal threat.
The security officer is angry, frustrated, or emotionally triggered rather than acting rationally.
The threat can be controlled through non-lethal force or tactical repositioning.
The security officer is attempting to protect property only, rather than human life.
The suspect is fleeing and no longer presenting an immediate threat.

Legal and Employer Considerations

Security officers must always follow employer policies regarding firearm use in self-defense.
State laws vary, with some allowing “stand your ground” provisions, while others impose a duty to retreat when possible.
Improper use of deadly force can result in criminal charges, civil lawsuits, job termination, and loss of security credentials.
Every firearm-related incident must be reported immediately to law enforcement and the employer.

Best Practices for Responsible Firearm Use in Self-Defense

Always attempt de-escalation before considering deadly force.
Follow the use-of-force continuum and apply the least amount of force necessary.
Train regularly in firearm proficiency, decision-making under stress, and legal considerations.
Seek clarification on state laws and employer policies to ensure compliance.
Be prepared to articulate your decision-making process if involved in a shooting.

Final Reminder

A firearm is not a tool for control, intimidation, or conflict resolution—it is a last-resort defensive measure. Security officers must always consider the legal, ethical, and professional consequences of using a firearm and ensure their actions are lawful and justifiable.